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Data
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1
International Air Travel, France
The lowest average dose rates are observed on routes close to the equator.
Paris - Buenos Aires - 3 microSv/hr; Paris - Tokyo (above Siberia) - 6.6 microSv/hr; Supersonic Paris - New York 9.5 microSv/hr
The major events associated with solar eruptions may lead to higher doses. The dose received by passengers on a flight at 10,000 m latitude during the lagrest solar eruption to date (1956) can be estimated at 10 mSv.
Annual effective dose based on 700 hours is between 2 mSv for the least exposed at low latitude (Paris - Buenos Aires) and should not exceed 5 mSv on the route Paris-Tokyo.
B-06
2
International Air Travel, Japan
Maximum possible dose for aircrew is between 1.35 and 3.38 mSv.
F-03
3
International Air Travel, Japan, space exploration
The exposure of pilots and cabin crew of the international flights is clearly above 1 mSv/yr, the astronauts staying in the space station clearly above 50 mSv/yr.
K-05
4
Air Travel, Czech Republic
Cosmic exposure increases with altitude. 0.3 mSv/yr at sea level, at air transport altitude can reach 10 microSv/hr.
Annual doses: 0.3 mSv - crew of propeller aircraft flying less than 200 hours/year; 1 mSv - cabin crew flying frequently on propeller aircraft; 1.7 mSv - crew flying frequently on European routes; 2.3 mSv - crew flying North Atlantic routes.
S-15
5
Air Travel, USA
Several hundred thousand persons - airline flight crew members and business frequent flyers receive radiation exposures that exceed the legally permissible levels mandated for members of the general public. In the case of flight crew members, the airlines and the FAA consider them to be radiation workers.
B-07
6
Air Travel, USA
An average annual cosmic ray dose to a flight crew member flying 1000 hours per year is about 6.4 mSv.
W-06
7
Air Travel, Finland
Subjects of the study - 1577 female and 187 male cabin attendants who had worked for the Finnish airline companies.
An excess of breast cancer and bone cancer was found among female workers. The risk of breast cancer was most prominent 15 years after recruitment. Risks of leukaemia and skin melanoma were not significantly raised. Although the lifestyle of cabin attendants is different from that of the reference population, concentration of the excess risks to primary sites sensitive to radiation suggests that ionising radiation during flights may add to the cancer risk of all flight personnel.
P-08
8
 Space exploration
Monitoring of radiation exposure in space was carried out using small solid state dosimeters. Results for three locations in the 'MIR' space station ranged between 0.3 and 0.7 mGy/day, for three locations in the Shuttle 0.3 - 0.4 mGy/day.
Y-02
9
 Space exploration
Cosmonauts' exposure at 'MIR' space station (uncorrected for TLD inefficiency and neutron contribution) varied from 2.43 cGy to 8.70 cGy - corresponds to dose rates from 144 microGy/day to 468 microGy/day. Corrected doses values could be 25% higher. Highest astronaut dose (STS-82) was 3.205 cGy with a dose rate of 3,221 microGy/day. Neutron contribution could be around 36% of the astronaut charged particle dose equivalent.
Solar particle events - particularly serious hazard, typically 8 events a year. These events produce heavy nuclei, but almost the entire dose arises from protons, highest exposure was registered on 19 October 1989 - 2.7 cGy.
B-10
10
 Space exploration
Cumulative dose during the 2.5 year mission to Mars would be in the range 63 - 130 cGy. There are, however, no standards of protection for missions in deep space due to the lack of knowledge of the biological response to GCR (Galactic Cosmic Ray) ions.
S-20
11
 Air Travel, UK
Dose rates in Concorde flying at altitude of 18 km - 14.1 microSv/hr, measured with passive dosimeters - 12.8 microSv/hr. Boeing 747 is used on long haul flights - trans-polar or trans-Siberian, at the altitude of 12 km. Radiation dose at polar latitudes is about twice that at the equator due to geomagnetic effects. British airways highest exposures are on the London-Tokyo route - 3.7 microSv/hr, measured with passive dosimeters - 6 microSv/hr.
B-11
12
 Air Travel
Measurements of exposure were made at the altitude between 60,000 and 70,000 feet (above 18 km), at latitudes 18-59 degrees North. Results were in the range 5.2 - 17.0 microSv/hr. Members of the public, including frequent flyers would not exceed ICRP limit of 1 mSv/year, air crew would not exceed the limits for occupationally exposed persons. However pregnant air crew, based on 2 mSv limit to concepti, would exceed the limit after 150 hours flying time.
C-09
13
 Air Travel, Canada
Most Canadian based domestic and international air crew will exceed public limit of 1 mSv/yr, but will be well below the occupational limit of 20 mSv/yr.
T-10
14
 Air Travel
Summary of dose estimates to aircrew flying at high altitudes: Federal Aviation Administration (USA) - 0.2-9.1 mSv/yr; Concorde (British Airways) - 3-6 mSv/yr; Air France - 2-3 mSv/yr, Lufthansa - 3-5 mSv/yr, UNSCEAR average - 2.5-3.5 mSv/yr, Australian airlines - 1.0-1.8 mSv/yr; Canadian aircrew - 0.7-4.2 mSv/yr, Air Canada - 6 mSv/yr, Finnair aircrew - 1-3 mSv/yr.
100 hours per year on Concorde or 200 hours at lower altitudes on trans-equatorial routes results in dose above 1 mSv. Given that some transatlantic and pacific basin flights result in 0.06 mSv one way, it would only take six to eight round trips for a business traveller or frequent flyer to be considered a radiation worker.
B-12
15
 Space exploration
Career effective dose equivalent limits for astronauts depend on sex and age - from 1.0 Sv for 25-year old female to 4.0 Sv for 55-yearyo old male (NCRP 1989). Actual maximum exposures that were registered:
for an astronaut: 'SKYLAB' - 43 mSv, 'MIR' - 59 mSv, Space Shuttle - < 50 mSv;
for a cosmonaut: 'MIR' - 25-100 mSv, possibly up to 150 mSv.
S-21
16
 Air Travel, UK
The exposure of aircrew in UK falls into two groups, short haul and long haul with average annual doses of about 2 mSv and 4 mSv, respectively. Some doses may exceed 6 mSv/year and trigger the consideration of dose record keeping and medical surveillance. It is possible that personal monitoring would not be necessary, as doses could be derived from folding staff roster information with estimates of route doses.
B-13
17
 China, Air travel
Cosmic radiation is naturally occurring ionising radiation that originates from outside the earth. It has two components, solar radiation (from the sun) and galactic radiation from outside the solar system. It primarily consists of particles such as protons, neutrons and a-particles. Secondary radiation is produced when these particles interact with the atoms in the earth's atmosphere. Galactic radiation has higher energy and is therefore the dominant component of cosmic radiation.
The activity of the sun varies on an 11-year cycle. When solar radiation is highest, the magnetic field associated with it deflects some of the galactic radiation away from the earth. As the galactic radiation is the main component of cosmic radiation, this means that when solar activity is high the total intensity of cosmic radiation is lower and vice-versa. There is more cosmic radiation at higher altitudes because as high-energy particles collide with atoms in the earth's atmosphere they lose energy and so at lower altitudes most of the radiation has been absorbed. Because most of the particles are charged, the magnetic field of the earth tends to sweep them towards the poles, so radiation is more intense at high latitudes, though there appears to be little variation at greater than 60 degrees north or south.
Some values for flights calculated by computer program are:
Hong Kong - Vancouver, high solar activity year: 0.0414 mSv, low solar activity year: 0.0501 mSv
Vancouver - Hong Kong, high solar activity year: 0.0465 mSv, low solar activity year: 0.0551 mSv
Hong Kong - Bangkok, high solar activity year: 0.0046 mSv, low solar activity year: 0.0047 mSv
Bangkok - Hong Kong, high solar activity year: 0.0041mSv, low solar activity year: 0.0043 mSv
C-13

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