Nick's TENORM Notes

2008 NORM guidelines			NEW - URANIUM EXPLORATION REPORT
updated: December 2008

All raw materials contain traces of natural radioactivity. The presence of NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) in industrial processes is receiving increased attention from regulatory agencies and, to a lesser extent, from the general public. This attention is focused on industries where enhancement of natural radioactivity takes place resulting in the generation of TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material).
Nick's definition of NORM (naturally occurring radioactive material): Material containing no significant amounts of radionuclides other than naturally occurring radionuclides, disturbed or altered from natural settings, or present in technologically enhanced concentrations above background radiation levels due to human activities that may result in a relative increase in radiation exposures and risks to the public and the environment.
	Processing of raw materials in various 'non-nuclear' industries may result in: 1. Radiation exposure of workers and members of the public that could not be disregarded from the radiation protection point of view; 2. Generation of waste with elevated concentrations of radionuclides from the natural uranium and thorium decay chains, and increase in environmental mobility of these radionuclides; 3. Possibility of future legislative requirements for materials which are currently not regulated, risk of future liabilities and litigation due to the exposure to NORM.
	This part of the web site is regularly updated and is an attempt to classify the information available from numerous sources and sort it by the industry/product. All data presented on this page is in public domain. If you would like to add/correct anything on this part of the site - please use the feedback form. The papers are, basically, updates of the earlier TENORM Report presented at the TENR-2 Conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1999. Full text of the report was posted on this site five years ago and the summary - in the International Atomic Energy Agency TecDoc No.1271 in 2002. Note - data for individual industries will be updated in January 2009.
The list of papers in PDF format: • TENORM Legislation - Theory and Practice [full text] presented at the Technical Enhancement of Natural RadioactivitySecond Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1999 (300 Kb, 52 pages) • TENORM Legislation - Theory and Practice [paper] (N Tsurikov, J Koperski) - published in the International Atomic Energy Agency TECDOC-1271 (February 2002), pp.3-9 (180 Kb, 7 pages) • Impact of ARPANS-like legislation on minerals industry in Australia - the TENORM issue (J Koperski, N Tsurikov) - presented at Australasian Radiation Protection Society Annual Conference, Margaret River, Western Australia, 1999 (70 Kb, 6 pages) • Co-operation - the Way Out (Introducing the Natural Materials Radiation Control Initiative) (H.M. Fernandes, ID Kruger, M. Omar, N. Tsurikov, R. van der Westhuizen) - presented at the Southern African Radiation Protection Association International Congress, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa, 2000 (60 Kb, 4 pages) • NORM and National Directory presented at Australasian Radiation Protection Society Annual Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, 2004 (also published in the 'Radiation Protection in Australasia', vol.22, No.2, July 2005, pp.64-67) (50 Kb, 4 pages) • Application of the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material to Bulk Shipments of Materials in Minerals Industry (N Tsurikov, P J Hinrichsen, M Omar, Horst R S M Fernandes) - 'Radiation Protection in Australasia', vol.24, No.2, September 2007, pp.9-19 (170 Kb, 12 pages) • Regulation of Natural Radioactivity in International Transport and Trade (N Tsurikov, P J Hinrichsen, M Omar, Horst R S M Fernandes) - presented at the Second Asian and Oceanic Congress on Radiological Protection, Beijing, People's Republic of China, in October 2006 (160 Kb, 19 pages) • The trade in radioactive materials – potential problems and possible solutions presented at the NORM-V Conference, Seville, Spain, March 2007, published in "NORM-V" Proceeedings, IAEA, 2008, pp.437-453 (110 Kb, 10 pages) • Fourteen guidelines on management of NORM in mining and mineral processing developed for West Australian Government and the Chamber of Minerals and Energy, 2008, officially published here (14 documents, 11.3 Mb, ~500 pages) • Waste Containing Enhanced Concentrations of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides (B Michalik, N Tsurikov) - presented at the First International Conference on Hazardous Waste Management, Chania, Crete, Greece, October 2008 (40 Kb, 7 pages) • Radiation exposure in the transport of heavy mineral sands report for the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), November 2008 officially published here (500 Kb, 37 pages) • Uranium Exploration - Safety, Environmental and Regulatory Considerations independent report, December 2008 (410 Kb, 71 pages)